Distributed Learning-Based Secondary Control for Islanded DC Microgrids: A High-Order Fully Actuated System Approach

In this article, a converter-based multibus dc microgrid (MG) in series is studied, in which the tradeoff between voltage recovery and current equalization has been a hot topic of interest. To solve this problem, a distributed learning-based high-order fully actuated (DL-HOFA) secondary control is proposed in this article, and the simple structure of this control technique facilitates its application in various modern dc MGs with different configurations. Before designing the secondary control protocol, this article provides a comprehensive description of dc MGs in advance. In the suggested control strategy, the controller design is tightly related to the underlying physical characteristics of the MG, and this prominent feature represents a significant improvement in its adaptability. In addition, the DL-HOFA control obtains fast dynamic and accurate current sharing performance by virtue of the high-order fully actuated dc MG model. The effectiveness of the proposed control method is verified on a real photovoltaic- and battery-based hardware system with maximum power point tracking controller.